Commodity money value comes from the commodity out of which it is made. The commodity itself constitutes the money, and the money is the commodity. These items were sometimes used in a metric of perceived value in conjunction to one another, in various commodity valuation or Price System economies. Use of commodity money is similar to barter, but a commodity money provides a simple and automatic unit of account for the commodity which is being used as money.
Although some gold coins such as the Krugerrand are considered legal tender, there is no record of their face value on either side of the coin. The rationale for this is that emphasis is laid on their direct link to the prevailing value of their fine gold content. The value of representative money stands in direct and fixed relation to the commodity that backs it, while not itself being composed of that commodity.
Instead, it has value only by government order fiat. Usually, the government declares the fiat currency typically notes and coins from a central bank, such as the Federal Reserve System in the U. However, fiat money has an advantage over representative or commodity money, in that the same laws that created the money can also define rules for its replacement in case of damage or destruction.
For example, the U. Currency Main article: currency Currency refers to physical objects generally accepted as a medium of exchange. These are usually the coins and banknotes of a particular government, which comprise the physical aspects of a nation's money supply. The other part of a nation's money supply consists of bank deposits sometimes called deposit money , ownership of which can be transferred by means of cheques, debit cards, or other forms of money transfer.
Deposit money and currency are money in the sense that both are acceptable as a means of payment. Usually gold or silver coins of intrinsic value commodity money have been the norm.
However, nearly all contemporary money systems are based on fiat money — modern currency has value only by government order fiat. Usually, the government declares the fiat currency typically notes and coins issued by the central bank to be legal tender, making it unlawful to not accept the fiat currency as a means of repayment for all debts, public and private.
Commercial bank money or demand deposits are claims against financial institutions that can be used for the purchase of goods and services. A demand deposit account is an account from which funds can be withdrawn at any time by check or cash withdrawal without giving the bank or financial institution any prior notice. Banks have the legal obligation to return funds held in demand deposits immediately upon demand or 'at call'. Demand deposit withdrawals can be performed in person, via checks or bank drafts, using automatic teller machines ATMs , or through online banking.
The process of fractional-reserve banking has a cumulative effect of money creation by commercial banks, as it expands money supply cash and demand deposits beyond what it would otherwise be. Because of the prevalence of fractional reserve banking, the broad money supply of most countries is a multiple larger than the amount of base money created by the country's central bank. That multiple called the money multiplier is determined by the reserve requirement or other financial ratio requirements imposed by financial regulators.
The money supply of a country is usually held to be the total amount of currency in circulation plus the total amount of checking and savings deposits in the commercial banks in the country.
In modern economies, relatively little of the money supply is in physical currency. For example, in December in the U. This rate of increase will accelerate during periods of gold rushes and discoveries, such as when Columbus discovered the new world and brought back gold and silver to Spain, or when gold was discovered in California in This causes inflation, as the value of gold goes down.
However, if the rate of gold mining cannot keep up with the growth of the economy, gold becomes relatively more valuable, and prices denominated in gold will drop, causing deflation. Deflation was the more typical situation for over a century when gold and paper money backed by gold were used as money in the 18th and 19th centuries. Modern day monetary systems are based on fiat money and are no longer tied to the value of gold. The control of the amount of money in the economy is known as monetary policy.
Monetary policy is the process by which a government, central bank, or monetary authority manages the money supply to achieve specific goals. Usually the goal of monetary policy is to accommodate economic growth in an environment of stable prices. These include hyperinflation, stagflation, recession, high unemployment, shortages of imported goods, inability to export goods, and even total monetary collapse and the adoption of a much less efficient barter economy.
This happened in Russia, for instance, after the fall of the Soviet Union. Governments and central banks have taken both regulatory and free market approaches to monetary policy. Some of the tools used to control the money supply include: changing the interest rate at which the central bank loans money to or borrows money from the commercial banks currency purchases or sales increasing or lowering government borrowing increasing or lowering government spending manipulation of exchange rates raising or lowering bank reserve requirements regulation or prohibition of private currencies taxation or tax breaks on imports or exports of capital into a country In the US, the Federal Reserve is responsible for controlling the money supply, while in the Euro area the respective institution is the European Central Bank.
For many years much of monetary policy was influenced by an economic theory known as monetarism. Monetarism is an economic theory which argues that management of the money supply should be the primary means of regulating economic activity. The stability of the demand for money prior to the s was a key finding of Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz[35] supported by the work of David Laidler,[36] and many others.
The nature of the demand for money changed during the s owing to technical, institutional, and legal factors[clarification needed] and the influence of monetarism has since decreased. See also Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Money Look up money in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Boston: Addison Wesley. ISBN By John N. Smithin [1].
Retrieved July The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Retrieved 18 December Gregory Macroeconomics 6th ed. New York: Worth Publishers.
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